Implications of the COVID-19 lockdown for the emotional well-being of the adult population in Mexico / Implicaciones del confinamiento por COVID-19 en el bienestar emocional de la población adulta en México

Abstract Introduction After several months of COVID-19 lockdown, addressing the implications related to the emotional distress and well-being of the population during confinement has become increasingly evident. Objective To explore, through a lexicometric and content-based approach, the responses related to discomfort and emotional well-being during the first confinement due to the COVID-19 lockdown. Method Subjects included 2,555 adults in Mexico, mainly women (78.3%), with an average age of 46. Data were drawn from an online survey published on social networks from June 3 to July 5, 2020. The open answers of the subjects about discomfort and emotional well-being during lockdown, together with suggestions to improve the handling of the pandemic, were analyzed using word frequency analysis (clouds) and thematic content analysis. Result Findings highlighted the implications of lockdown, including loss of social interaction, teleworking and overexposure to the news, associated with discomfort. In turn, activities related to self-care, doing household repairs, and sharing activities with the family were linked to well-being. Discussion and conclusion Findings show that time was a key factor to transition from well-being to boredom, where space and material resources played a preponderant role during confinement.

Resumen Introducción Tras largos meses, incluso años de enfrentar el confinamiento por la pandemia generada por la COVID-19, se ha hecho cada vez más evidente la importancia de abordar las implicaciones relacionadas con el bienestar y el malestar de la población durante el confinamiento. Objetivo Explorar, por medio de un abordaje lexicométrico y de contenido, las respuestas vinculadas al malestar y al bienestar emocional durante el primer confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19. Método Los participantes fueron 2,555 personas mexicanas adultas, principalmente mujeres (78.3%), cuya edad promedio fue de 46 años. Los datos provienen de una encuesta en línea difundida a través de las redes sociales en el periodo comprendido del 3 de junio al 5 de julio de 2020. Se analizaron las respuestas abiertas acerca de las atribuciones de los participantes acerca del malestar y bienestar emocional durante el confinamiento, así como algunas sugerencias para un manejo más adecuado de la pandemia empleando un análisis de frecuencia de las palabras (nubes) y un análisis temático de los contenidos. Resultados Los hallazgos remiten a las implicaciones del confinamiento. Entre ellas destaca la pérdida de la interacción social, el teletrabajo y la sobreexposición a las noticias, las cuales se asociaron con el malestar, mientras que las actividades relacionadas con el autocuidado y con realizar reparaciones en la casa, así como compartir actividades con la familia se vincularon con el bienestar. Discusión y conclusión Los hallazgos muestran que el tiempo fue un factor clave para transitar del bienestar al hastío, así como la disposición de espacios en el hogar y otros los recursos materiales cumplieron un papel preponderante durante el confinamiento.

Propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ASI) en población adulta ecuatoriana

Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar la validación del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ASI) en el contexto ecuatoriano, así como analizar su consistencia interna y validez convergente con el Inventario de Ambivalencia hacia Hombres (AMI). Método. Participaron en el presente estudio, cuantitativo e instrumental, hombres (44.1%) y mujeres (55.9%) de la ciudad de Quito (N = 965) entre los 20 y los 60 años. Resultados. El ASI presenta un ajuste factorial adecuado al modelo original de dos factores; existe además consistencia interna en la escala total (w = .72) y en los dos factores (sexismo hostil: w = .71; sexismo benevolente: w = .53), y una validez convergente estadísticamente significativa con el AMI (r = .652). Se concluye que el instrumento es válido para uso en el contexto ecuatoriano.

Objective. The aim of the study was to validate the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) in the Ecuadorian context, as well as to analyze its internal consistency and convergent validity with the Ambivalence Inventory towards men (AMI). Method. Men (44.1%) and women (55.9%) from the city of Quito (N = 965), aged from 20 to 60 years old, participated in this quantitative and instrumental study. Results. The ASI presents an adequate factorial fit to the original two-factor model; there is internal consistency in the total scale (w = .72) and in the two factors (hostile sexism: w = .71; benevolent sexism: w = .53), and statistically significant convergent validity with the AMI (r = .652). It is concluded that the instrument use in the Ecuadorian context is valid.

Epidemiological status and disease burden of chronic heart failure of 326 patients / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the prevalence of chronic heart failure in the adult hospitalized population and to analyze the related disease burden. Methods A total of 326 chronic heart failure samples from adult inpatients in Yanliang District, Xi'an City from 2019 to 2021 were selected for analysis. The three-year epidemic situation was described and analyzed, and the information on the disease burden (hospitalization and cost, quality of life) caused by heart failure was collected, and the disease burden was preliminarily analyzed. The study used the Chinese version of the Minnesota heart failure quality of life questionnaire (Minnesota lving with heart failure questionnaire, MLHFQ) to measure the quality of life of patients during hospitalization. Results Among the patients in this study, there were 196 male patients (60.12%) and 130 female patients (39.88%), with an average age of (57.14±13.64) years, and the highest incidence was in the age group of 60-69 years. The highest proportion of cardiac function grades I to IV is grade III, and the lowest is grade I; coronary atherosclerotic heart disease is the first cause, followed by hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy and rheumatism. Sexual heart valve. In addition, the patients' primary disease duration was on average (7.14±3.05) years. 26.99% of patients had blood pressure exceeding the standard during hospitalization. The average length of hospitalization of the subjects was (12.97±4.52) d, and there were significant differences in the length of hospitalization between patients with different age groups, different cardiac function grades, different primary diseases, and different primary disease durations (all P<0.05). The median medical expenses of the subjects during hospitalization were 31 373.70 (15 250.65, 47 005.15) yuan. The quality of life scores of the patients with heart failure in this study were (44.65±14.47), (35.91±12.58) in the physical domain, and (53.66±19.81) in the emotional domain. And the quality of life of male patients is lower; the quality of life of heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertension is lower; the level of cardiac function increases, and the quality of life score decreases. Conclusion In recent years, the elderly inpatients with chronic heart failure in Yanliang District, Xi'an City, the middle-aged, the high-level cardiac function, the patients with cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease, and the patients with the normal course of the primary disease have longer hospitalization time and higher medical expenses. Male patients, patients with heart failure caused by dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertension, and patients with higher cardiac function grades have lower quality of life.

Prevalence of Dental Caries and Treatment Needs among Adult Population of Mangalore Taluk - A Pilot Survey.

Dental caries remains the most common oral disease affecting a considerable proportion of people worldwide. It not only causes damage to the tooth, but is also responsible for several morbid conditions of the oral cavity and other systems of the body. Without treatment, caries can proceed and destroy the tooth leading to infection of dental pulp. We wanted to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among adult rural population. METHODS619 participants aged 18 years and above from peripheral health centres were examined to determine the prevalence of caries and treatment needs. A pretested proforma was used for data collection. Collected data was analysed using Chi Square test. P<0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTSNo significant difference was found in the mean number of teeth affected by caries between the two age groups (<40 years & >40 years) (p= 0.352), between genders (p=0.704) and education levels (p=0.983). When treatment needs (TN) was considered, maximum 2 surface fillings were needed in both the age groups (<40 years 45.6% & >40 years 54.4%). Various treatment needs prevailed among participants of different education level. CONCLUSIONSOral health educative programs may change the attitude of an individual and population as a whole towards maintenance of oral health.

Influence of obesity on serum levels of thyroid hormones among Indian adult population

Background: Obesity and thyroid dysfunction are two most common clinical conditions that have been linked together closely in adult. The link has become more relevant in the context of an unprecedented rise in the prevalence of obesity worldwide. Obesity is normally observed by patients as being secondary dysfunction on serum levels of thyroid hormones. Objective: The Purpose of this study to assess serum thyroid hormones levels (fT3, fT4, TSH) variation in patients with obesity and normal thyroid function among Indian adults and to correlate serum levels of thyroid hormones with their classes of Body Mass Index (BMI).Methods: Authors performed a retrospective study of adult patients who were examined and analyzed serum levels of thyroid hormones at authors centre between February 2018 to November 2019.Results: A total of 231 adult patients were included. 122(52.8%) were males, mean age was 35.4±10.4 and mean BMI 34.2±5.8 respectively. Obesity was found higher in female 58(53.2%) than male 37(30.3%) participants (p<0.001), respectively. The mean TSH serum levels were significantly increased with increased BMI (2.04±1.19,2.51±1.22 and 3.39±1.19; p=<0.001).  No association was found of serum fT4 (p=0.227) and serum fT3 (p=0.063) with BMI.Conclusions: Mean TSH serum levels showed a significantly increased with increased BMI. BMI was negatively associated with serum fT4 but had no association with serum fT3.

Dyslipidemia and its predictors among adult population: A community‑based study

Background: Dyslipidemia is a key independent modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and one of the main causes of the disease burden in developed and developing countries. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to elicit the proportion of dyslipidemia and its risk factors among the adult population of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Materials and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 adults during August–October 2017 in Habra, an urban area of West Bengal, India. Sociodemographic data were obtained from structured questionnaire, followed by anthropometric measurement, fasting glucose, and lipid profile estimation. Assessment of dyslipidemia was determined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (III) guidelines. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were performed to analyze the data using SPSS 16 version. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 43.1 (±12.4) years. About 37.5% were found to have dyslipidemia. Variables which continued to remain significant in the multivariable analysis were less physical activity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.75 [1.41, 5.39]), ever user of tobacco (AOR = 2.36 [1.12, 4.97]), hypertension (AOR = 2.52 [1.11, 5.71]), abnormal waist-hip ratio (AOR = 43.85 [21.62, 88.92]), and diabetes (AOR = 2.51[1.20, 6.69]) when adjusted for other variables in the multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is a known risk factor for CVD. Therefore, all steps must be taken for control and prevention of this disorder.

Factors influencing physical inactivity among adults in Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia

@#Background: Physical inactivity remains the most important modifiable risk factor in preventing a variety of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and has been identified to be a risk factor for obesity, heart disease and cancers. This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with physical inactivity among the suburban adult population in Port Dickson district, Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia. Material and Methods: This was a community based crosssectional study involving 397 adult respondents conducted in February 2016. Data was collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Data regarding socio-demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity, education level, marital status and monthly income, working hours), current behavioural stage of physical activity and perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity were collected. Physical activity measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) with the cut-off point of less than 600 met-min per week was considered to be physically inactive. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity among adult population was 36.3%. Factors significantly associated with physical inactivity included age, gender, marital status, working hours and current behavioural stage of physical activity. Conclusion: Physical inactivity is high among the adult community in Negeri Sembilan district, Peninsular Malaysia and was strongly associated with age, gender, marital status, working hours and current behavioural stage of physical activity. It is important to identify individuals with physical inactivity and its associated factors early as this could severely affect the quality of life of the individuals

Biomechanical Properties of the Cornea Using a Dynamic Scheimpflug Analyzer in Healthy Eyes

PURPOSE: To investigate biomechanical properties of the cornea using a dynamic Scheimpflug analyzer according to age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective, cross-sectional, observational study, participants underwent ophthalmic investigations including corneal biomechanical properties, keratometric values, intraocular pressure (IOP), and manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE). We determined the relationship of biomechanical parameters and ocular/systemic variables (participant's age, MRSE, IOP, and mean keratometric values) by piecewise regression analysis, association of biomechanical parameters with variables by Spearman's correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses, and reference intervals (RI) by the bootstrap method. RESULTS: This study included 217 eyes of 118 participants (20–81 years of age). Piecewise regression analysis between Corvis-central corneal thickness (CCT) and participant's age revealed that the optimal cut-off value of age was 45 years. No clear breakpoints were detected between the corneal biomechanical parameters and MRSE, IOP, and mean keratometric values. Corneal velocity, deformation amplitude, radius, maximal concave power, Corvis-CCT, and Corvis-IOP exhibited correlations with IOP, regardless of age (all ages, 20–44 years, and over 44 years). With smaller deformation amplitude and corneal velocity as well as increased Corvis-IOP and Corvis-CCT, IOP became significantly increased. We provided the results of determination of confidence interval from RI data using bootstrap method in three separate age groups (all ages, 20–44 years, and over 44 years). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated multiple corneal biomechanical parameters according to age, and reported that the corneal biomechanical parameters are influenced by IOP.

Acceptance Factors of Pneumococcal Vaccination among Adult Population: A Systematic Review

@#Pneumococcal disease causes considerable morbidity and mortality, including among adults. Adult pneumococcal vaccines help to prevent these burdens, yet, they are underutilized. Our objective is to systematically collect and summarize the available evidence on the potential factors that lead to pneumococcal vaccination acceptance among of adult community.

Estimación del intervalo de referencia para C3 y C4 en población adulta de un hospital del Gran Buenos Aires / Estimation of the reference range for C3 and C4 in a hospital adult population of Greater Buenos Aires / Estimativa do intervalo de referência para C3 e C4 em população adulta de um hospital da Grande Buenos Aires

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la estimación del intervalo de referencia para los componentes del complemento C3 y C4 en población adulta hospitalaria. Se siguieron los lineamientos de la guía C28A3 de CLSI para lo cual se eligió como población de referencia a dadores de sangre concurrentes al Servicio de Hemoterapia del hospital que superaron el interrogatorio médico y accedieron a la extracción. Fue seleccionada una muestra de 251 dadores constituida por 72,9% de mujeres, de edad promedio 36,5±10 años y 27,1% de hombres, de edad promedio 40,6±11,5 años. Esta composición estuvo balanceada por sexo y edad promedio a la población de pacientes que asisten al laboratorio, en su mayoría con diagnóstico presuntivo de enfermedades autoinmunes. Los analitos fueron dosados por nefelometría cinética con nefelómetro Immage 800 de Beckman Coulter (California, EE.UU.). El intervalo de referencia se calculó por el método no paramétrico, es decir, se estimó el intervalo de confianza del 95% central de cada distribución de valores. Los límites obtenidos fueron: IC95% C3=70-165 mg/dL IC95%, C4=14-37 mg/dL. Estos resultados fueron posteriormente verificados con una serie de 20 nuevos dadores y fueron comparables a valores obtenidos en otras series citadas en la literatura.

The aim of this study was to estimate the reference interval for the components C3 and C4 complement in an adult population. The guidelines of the C28A3 document CLSI were followed, for which blood donors attending to a hospital blood centre who passed the medical examination and agreed to extraction were chosen as reference population. A sample constituted by 251 donors, 72.9% women, average age 36.5±10 years and 27.1% men, average age 40.6±11.5 years was selected. This composition was balanced by gender and average age to the population of patients attending the laboratory, mostly with autoimmune diseases. The analytes were measured by rate nephelometry with Immage 800 Nephelometer, Beckman Coulter (California, USA). The reference range for the non-parametric method was calculated, this is to say, the 95% central confidence interval of each value distribution was estimated. The limits obtained were: 95% CI C3=70-165 mg/dL and 95% CI C4=14-37 mg/dL. These results were later verified with a series of 20 new donors and are comparable to values obtained in other studies cited in the literature.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o intervalo de referência para os componentes do complemento C3 e C4 na população adulta hospitalar. Foram seguidos os lineamentos do guia C28A3 de CLSI para o qual foi escolhida como população de referência doadores de sangue concorrentes do Serviço de Hemoterapia do hospital que passaram o questionário médico e acederam à extração. Foi selecionada uma amostra constituída por 251 doadores, 72,9% mulheres, com idade média de 36,5±10 anos e 27,1% dos homens de idade média 40,6±11,5 anos. Esta composição esteve equilibrada por sexo e idade média de pacientes que são atendidos no laboratório, na maioria com diagnóstico presuntivo de doenças autoimunes. Os analitos foram dosados por nefelometria cinética com nefelômetro Immage 800, Beckman Coulter (Califórnia, EUA). Calculou-se o intervalo de referência pelo método não paramétrico, quer dizer, estimou-se o intervalo de confiança de 95% central de cada distribuição de valores. Os limites obtidos foram: IC95% C3= 70-165 mg/dL e IC95% C4= 14-37 mg/dL. Estes resultados foram posteriormente verificados com uma série de 20 novos doadores e foram comparáveis a valores obtidos em outras séries citadas na literatura.

Contabilidad, validez de criterio y discriminante del Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, en un grupo de adultos de Bogotá / Reliability, criterion and discriminant validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA) in a group of adults from Bogotá

Resumen Introducción: el MoCA-test es un instrumento breve de tamizaje, sensible y específico, utilizado para la detección del deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) y la demencia, con puntos de corte que varían según la población estudiada. Objetivo: evaluar la confiabilidad y validez discriminante del MoCA-test, en un grupo de adultos de Bogotá, con diferentes escolaridades. Material y Métodos: se aplicó el MoCA-test y el MMSE, a 1174 adultos mayores de 50 años de diferentes localidades de Bogotá. Los sujetos con MoCA-test < 26 y MMSE <24, fueron citados a una segunda evaluación aplicándoseles un protocolo amplio y fueron analizados por consenso, para determinar normalidad o deterioro cognitivo. Se determinó la consistencia interna (con coeficiente alpha de Cronbach), confiabilidad test-retest (con coeficiente de Lin), la validez de criterio (con coeficiente de Spearman) y validez discriminante (por medio de curvas ROC) del MoCA-Test. Resultados: la consistencia interna (alfa-Cronbach=0.851) y la confiabilidad test-retest (Lin=0.62) fueron aceptables. La validez de criterio respecto al MMSE, fue moderada (r=0.65). El MoCA mostró capacidad para discriminar entre diferentes grupos diagnósticos y sociodemográficos. El área bajo la curva fue 0.76 para DCL y 0,81 para demencia; el punto de corte para discriminar entre normalidad y DCL en el grupo en general fue 20/21 y entre DCL y demencia 17/18. Estos puntos variaron con el grado de escolaridad. Conclusión: el MoCA-test puede ser el instrumento de tamización en atención primaria, para detectar deterioro cognitivo en nuestra población adulta, considerando los puntos de corte propuestos según la escolaridad. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 40: 221-228).

Abstract Introduction: the MoCA-Test is a brief, sensitive and specific screening tool used to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, with cut-off points that vary according to the population studied. Objective: to evaluate the reliability and discriminant validity of the MoCA-test, in a group of adults from Bogotá, with different levels of schooling. Material and Methods: the MoCA-test and the MMSE were applied to 1174 adults over 50 years old from different locations in Bogotá. Subjects with MoCA-test <26 and MMSE <24, were referred to a second evaluation by applying a broad protocol and were analyzed by consensus, to determine normality or cognitive impairment. Internal consistency (with Cronbach's alpha coefficient), test-retest reliability (with Lin coefficient), criterion validity (with Spearman's coefficient) and discriminant validity (using ROC curves) of the MoCA-Test were determined. Results: internal consistency (alpha-Cronbach = 0.851) and test-retest reliability (Lin = 0.62) were acceptable. The criterion validity with respect to MMSE was moderate (r = 0.65). The MoCA-test showed the capacity to discriminate between different diagnostic and sociodemographic groups. The area under the curve was 0.76 for MCI and 0.81 for dementia; the cutoff point for discriminating between normality and MCI in the group in general was 20/21 and between MCI and dementia 17/18. These points varied with the level of schooling. Conclusion: the MoCA-test can be the screening tool in primary care in order to detect cognitive impairment in our adult population, considering the proposed cutoff points according to schooling. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 40: 221-228).

Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of metabolic syndrome among adults in Wanzhou District of Chongqing City / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of metabolic syndrome (MS ) among adults in Wanzhou District of Chongqing City in order to provide reference for carrying out the prevention and treatment of MS in this re‐gion .Methods The multi‐stage random sampling method was adopted to perform the questionnaire survey ,body measurements and laboratory detection in the adult residents aged 18 years old and over extracted from 26 villages ,towns and urban streets .The MS prevalence rate was calculated and MS component distribution situation was analyzed .Results A total of 2 587 people were effec‐tively surveyed .The MS total prevalence rate was 13 .8% ,which was risen along with the age increase .The prevalence rates of ab‐dominal obesity ,hypertriglyceridemia ,low HDL‐C level ,hypertension and hyperglycemia were 16 .5% ,23 .5% ,23 .3% ,35 .5% and 27 .2% respectively .The proportions of people possessing at least 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 components and 5 components of MS were 71 .6% , 36 .2% ,13 .8% ,3 .9% and 0 .5% respectively .Conclusion The prevalence rate of MS reaches a certain level in this region ,it is necessary to carry out the health education of MS ,change the adverse lifestyle ,control the corresponding factors ,which could reduce the MS risk and promotes its reversion .

Trastornos mentales en hombres y mujeres expuestos a abuso sexual en la infancia / Mental disorders in men and women who suffered sexual abuse or other types of violence

El abuso sexual es una forma de violencia que afecta a personas de diferentes países, estratos sociales, culturas y religiones. El presente estudio se propuso analizar los antecedentes de abuso sexual infantil en adultos que consultaron en el Servicio Ambulatorio de la Cátedra de Psiquiatría y que presentaron distintos tipos de trastornos mentales. Es un estudio trasversal, descriptivo, muestreo no probabilístico. Se realizó la revisión de 254 fichas clínicas de pacientes en psicoterapia entre 2010 y 2012 y se seleccionaron 44 víctimas de abuso sexual infantil (ASI).; Los diagnósticos de trastornos mentales fueron realizados en base a la clasificación DSM. El 95,4% de los pacientes (n=42) era del sexo femenino,; 31,8% (n=14) tenía entre 19 y 15 años de edad, 38,6% (n=17) entre 26 a 35 años y ;72,7% (n=32) era de estado civil soltero. Además del ASI, el 29,5% (13) recibió violencia de pareja, de otros parientes y fuera del hogar, 25% (11) de padres, otros familiares y fuera del hogar,; 25% (11) pareja, otros familiares, fuera del hogar, 4,5% (2) padres, pareja, otros familiares y fuera del hogar, 15,9% (7) fuera del hogar. El 36,4% (16) tenía trastornos del estado de ánimo, 18,2% (8) de ansiedad, 15,9% (7) de personalidad, 4,5% (2) psicóticos, 13,6% (6) dos o más trastornos, y 6,8% (3) patología dual. Es una población de mujeres jóvenes, solteras, víctimas de abuso sexual y padecieron fundamentalmente trastornos del estado de ánimo, de ansiedad y de personalidad.

Sexual abuse affects people from different social classes, independently of their cultureand religion, in all countries. This study aimed to analyze the sexual abuse suffered byadults who attended the outpatient service of the Department of Psychiatry of the Facultyof Medical Sciences. It is a cross-sectional descriptive study with non-probability sampling.It analyzed 254 clinical records of patients who attended the service for psychotherapybetween 2010 and 2012 and 44 victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) were selected. Thediagnoses of the mental disorders were made using the DSM classification. The 95.4%(42) was women, 31.8% (14) was between 19 and 25 years old, 38.6% (17) between 26and 35 and 72.7% (32) was single Apart from CSA, 29.5% (13) received violence frompartners, relatives and outside of the home, 25% (11) from their parents, relatives andoutside of the home, 4.5% (2) from parents, partners, relatives and outside of the home.

Representaciones sociales de la salud mental y enfermedad mental de población adulta de Guadalajara, México / Mental health and mental illness social representations of adult population from Guadalajara, Mexico

El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar las representaciones sociales (RS) de la salud mental (SM) y la enfermedad mental (EM) de población adulta de Guadalajara, México. Se utilizaron listados libres y cuestionarios de pares para identificar el contenido y la organización de dichas RS. El análisis de las RS evidenciaron que la SM se identificó como un estado que comprende emociones positivas y estados satisfactorios de tranquilidad y estabilidad, lo que genera bienestar y calidad de vida; mientras que la EM se asoció a la locura, causada por daños orgánicos y emocionales, por lo cual su tratamiento sería de tipo biomédico y psicológico, y con pocas probabilidades de recuperación.

The objective of this study was to explore mental health (MH) and mental illness (MI) social representations (SR) in adult people of Guadalajara, Mexico population. Free listing and paired questionnaires were used to identify the content and the arrangement of these social representations. SR analysis showed that MI was identifying like a state of positive emotions and satisfactory feelings of quietness and stability, which carry out wellbeing and quality of life. On the contrary, mental illness was associated to madness caused by organic and mental damages; it is generally undergone biomedical and psychological treatment, with a low healing possibility.

Inventário de medos III: avaliação das qualidades psicométricas em uma amostra portuguesa / Fear survey schedule -III: evaluation of the psychometric properties in a Portuguese sample

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as qualidades psicométricas do Fear Survey Schedule-III, em uma amostra portuguesa. Participaram 1.980 sujeitos selecionados por conveniência a partir de uma população adulta normativa. As idades dos participantes estavam compreendidas entre os 18 e os 80 anos (M = 39,5, DP = 8,5), sendo 59% do sexo feminino. As qualidades psicométricas da escala foram avaliadas em suas facetas de sensibilidade psicométrica, validade de construto e confiabilidade. A validade externa de construto foi avaliada com análise multigrupos em amostra aleatória e independente da amostra de validação inicial. O modelo fatorial original proposto apresentou um ajustamento inaceitável à amostra de validação. Procedeu-se ao refinamento do modelo de medida em uma parte da amostra, selecionada aleatoriamente. Em conclusão, o modelo de medida simplificado apresentou uma boa qualidade de ajustamento fatorial e foi invariante em uma segunda amostra independente da primeira. Propôs-se uma nova estrutura hierárquica, com fator de 2ª ordem designado por "Medos", que revelou boas qualidades psicométricas (sensibilidade, validade de construto e confiabilidade).

This study aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of the Fear Survey Schedule-III in a Portuguese sample. A total 1,980 subjects, selected by convenience sampling from a normative adult population, participated in this study. The participants are aged between 18 and 80 years (M = 39.5, SD = 8.5) and 59% of them are female. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated regarding psychometric sensitivity, construct validity, and reliability. The external construct validity was evaluated with multigroup analysis in a random sample, independent from the initial validation sample. The originally proposed factor model presented an unacceptable adjustment to the validation sample. Thus, it was proceeded the refinement of the model with a part of the sample which was randomly selected. In conclusion, the simplified model presented as a good factorial goodness of fit, and was invariant in a second sample, independent from the first. A new hierarchical structure was proposed with a 2nd order factor called "Fears" which showed good psychometric properties (sensitivity, construct validity and reliability).

WHO Grade IV Gliofibroma: A Grading Label Denoting Malignancy for an Otherwise Commonly Misinterpreted Neoplasm

We report a 50-year-old woman with no relevant clinical history who presented with headache and loss of memory. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a left parieto-temporal mass with annular enhancement after contrast media administration, rendering a radiological diagnosis of high-grade astrocytic neoplasm. Tumour sampling was performed but the patient ultimately died as a result of disease. Microscopically, the lesion had areas of glioblastoma mixed with a benign mesenchymal constituent; the former showed hypercellularity, endothelial proliferation, high mitotic activity and necrosis, while the latter showed fascicles of long spindle cells surrounded by collagen and reticulin fibers. With approximately 40 previously reported cases, gliofibroma is a rare neoplasm defined as either glio-desmoplastic or glial/benign mesenchymal. As shown in our case, its prognosis is apparently determined by the degree of anaplasia of the glial component.

Prevalence of Schistosomes and Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Morbidity Associated with Schistosomiasis among Adult Population in Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania

The objective of this study was to carry out a community survey on schistosomiais and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in order to suggest feasible and effective intervention strategies in Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. A total of 37 communities selected from 23 districts of the 4 regions in the Lake Victoria basin of Tanzania were involved in the study. From each of the selected locality, 50 adult community members, 25 males and 25 females, were recruited for the study. Each study participant was requested to submit stool and urine specimens. From each stool specimen, duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears were prepared and microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STH eggs. Urine specimens were processed by the filtration technique and microscopically examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs. Ultrasound examination for morbidity due to schistosomiasis was performed. Mass treatment was done using praziquantel and albendazole for schistosome and STHs infections, respectively. Out of 1,606 adults who provided stool specimens, 199 (12.4%) were positive for S. mansoni, 349 (21.7%) for hookworms, 133 (8.3%) for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 33 (2.0%) for Trichuris trichiura. Out of 1,400 participants who provided urine specimens, 25 (1.8%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs. Because of the co-endemicity of these afflictions and their impact on vulnerable population groups, the helminthiasis could be simultaneously treated with 2 drugs, praziquantel for schistosomiasis and albendazole for STHs.

The use of medication and associated factors among adults living in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil: differences between men and women / Uso de medicamentos e fatores associados em adultos residentes em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil: diferenças entre homens e mulheres

The objective of this study was to verify factors associated with the use of medication by adults, with emphasis on the differences between men and women. It was a population-based, cross-sectional study with cluster sampling conducted in two stages in Campinas in the state of São Paulo in 2008. Among the 2,413 individuals aged 20 or older, the prevalence of use of at least one drug in the three days before the research was 45.4% (95% CI: 41.3 - 49.4) in men and 64.6% (95% CI: 59.8 - 69.2) in women. For adult men over 40 years old who were not working, former smokers, with one or more chronic diseases, with two or more health problems and who sought health care or a health professional in the two weeks preceding the research showed higher prevalence of medication use. Among women, a higher prevalence of use was observed in females over 40, obese, former smokers, who reported a short sleep pattern, with one or more chronic diseases and two or more health problems, and who reported seeking a health care service or professional in the past 15 days. The findings showed some differences in the determinants of drug use in relation to gender, revealing the greater importance of health-related behavior among women.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar os fatores associados ao uso de medicamentos em adultos, com ênfase nas diferenças entre homens e mulheres. Estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra por conglomerados e em dois estágios realizado em Campinas em 2008. Entre os 2.413 adultos de 20 anos ou mais, a prevalência de uso de ao menos um medicamento nos três dias que antecederam a pesquisa foi de 45,4% nos homens e 64,6% nas mulheres. Entre os homens, indivíduos com idade acima de 40 anos, que não realizavam atividade de trabalho, ex-fumantes, com presença de doenças crônicas e dois ou mais problemas de saúde, e procura por algum serviço de saúde nas duas semanas anteriores à pesquisa apresentaram maiores prevalências de uso de medicamentos. Entre as mulheres, prevalências mais elevadas de uso foram observadas naquelas com idade acima de 40 anos, obesas, ex-fumantes, que referiram padrão de sono curto, com uma ou mais doenças crônicas e dois ou mais problemas de saúde, e que relataram procura de algum serviço de saúde para atendimento nos últimos 15 dias. Os achados apontaram algumas diferenças nos determinantes do uso de medicamentos em relação aos sexos, revelando a maior importância dos comportamentos relacionados à saúde entre as mulheres.

Seguimiento de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud después de una cirugía de fractura de cadera: estudio multicéntrico en población mexicana / Health-related quality of life after surgery for hip fracture: a multicentric study in Mexican population

Introducción Las fracturas de cadera son una importante causa de morbilidad, mortalidad y una de las principales causas de discapacidad en poblaciones adultas. El riesgo en el tiempo de vida de tener una fractura por osteoporosis es muy alto, se encuentra en un rango entre 40 y 50 por ciento en mujeres y desde 13 hasta 22 por ciento para los hombres. En México la probabilidad de tener una fractura de cadera a los 50 años de edad fue de 8,5 por ciento en mujeres y 3,8 por ciento en varones, pero irán aumentando en los próximos años. Objetivo El objetivo del estudio es reportar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud durante los primeros seis meses después de una fractura de cadera, en dos hospitales públicos y dos hospitales privados de tercer nivel de atención en Ciudad de México. Método Se evalúan los cambios en el tiempo por medio de la observación visual del desarrollo de trayectorias de cada paciente. Esta información se representa en forma gráfica usando el puntaje global del EQ-5D. Las trayectorias fueron agrupadas por afinidad en cinco niveles de progreso de acuerdo a su evolución clínica. Las opciones descriptivas identificadas se analizaron usando un modelo de regresión logística multinomial. Resultados Después de una cirugía se siguieron a 136 pacientes con fractura de cadera, cuyo promedio de edad fue de 77 +/- 10 años. Durante el primer mes la movilidad, actividades de la vida diaria y cuidado de sí mismo fueron los aspectos más afectados. El grupo de edad entre 80 hasta 84 años reportó problemas extremos, presentando ansiedad y depresión en el 21 por ciento de los casos. Las personas de 50 a 74 años describieron tener dolor y malestar (27 por ciento). A los seis meses de seguimiento sólo los mayores de 85 años mostraron un deterioro de su condición. Una alta proporción de ellos se clasifican en el nivel 3 en movilidad, cuidado personal y ansiedad/depresión

Introduction Hip fractures are an important cause of morbidity and mortality and one of the main causes of disability in the older population. The lifetime risk for any type of osteoporotic fracture is very high and falls within the range of 40–50 percent in women and 13–22 percent for men. In Mexico, the lifetime likelihood of having a hip fracture at 50 years of age is 8.5 percent in Mexican women and 3.8 percent in Mexican men, but this is expected to rise in upcoming years. Aim This study aims to report the Health-Related Quality of Life over the first six months after a hip fracture in two public and two private tertiary care hospitals in Mexico City. Method Changes over time were evaluated through visual observation of each patient’s development trajectory using the graphic representation of the EQ-5D global score. The trajectories were grouped by affinity into five levels of progress according to clinical course. The identified descriptive options were analyzed using the multinomial logistic regression model (LR). Results One-hundred-and-thirty-six (136) patients with a hip fracture were followed after surgery. Their mean age was 77 +/- 10 years. During the first month, mobility, daily activities, and self-care were the most affected. The group aged between 80 and 84 years reported extreme problems regarding anxiety and depression (21 percent), and those aged between 50 and 74 years described having issues concerning pain and discomfort (27 percent). At the 6-month follow-up, only those aged > 85 years of age showed worsening of their condition, a high proportion of these ranking at level 3 in mobility, self-care, and anxiety/depression. Toward the end of the follow-up period, this last group reported having extreme problems (being unable to carry out everyday activities) and worsening of their mobility (9.2 percent (inability to walk about) (LR test, p = 0.06